{"id":18614,"date":"2021-06-03T10:00:02","date_gmt":"2021-06-03T08:00:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.geciclaw.com\/?p=18614"},"modified":"2021-06-03T10:04:58","modified_gmt":"2021-06-03T08:04:58","slug":"pokajnicki-program","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.geciclaw.com\/sr\/pokajnicki-program\/","title":{"rendered":"Krtica u kartelu \u2013 pokajni\u010dki program"},"content":{"rendered":"

Karteli koje stvaraju konkurentski u\u010desnici na tr\u017ei\u0161tu su stvoreni da ograni\u010de ili elimini\u0161u konkurenciju izme\u0111u njih, kako bi do\u0161lo do pove\u0107anja cena i profita svih \u010dlanova kartela. U su\u0161tini, u\u010desnici na tr\u017ei\u0161tu stvaraju kartele i ubiraju profit uglavnom tako \u0161to fiksiraju cene, dele tr\u017ei\u0161ta i korisnike, ograni\u010davaju proizvodnju, name\u0161teno podnose ponude u postupcima javnih nabavki, ili sve ovo zajedno. Karteli imaju negativna dejstva na potro\u0161a\u010de i dru\u0161tvo u celini, zato \u0161to u\u010desnici u kartelu napla\u0107uju vi\u0161e cene (i ostvaruju ve\u0107e profite) nego \u0161to bi to bio slu\u010daj na konkurentskom tr\u017ei\u0161tu. Zbog nu\u017enih negativnih efekata na tr\u017ei\u0161te, pravo konkurencije nastoji da spre\u010di kartele, predvi\u0111aju\u0107i zna\u010dajne kazne za \u010dlanove kartela, koje mogu da dostignu i do 10% ukupnog godi\u0161njeg prihoda poslovnog subjekta. No, kartele je te\u0161ko otkriti i jo\u0161 te\u017ee dokazati. \u010clanovi kartela, znaju\u0107i da je on nedozvoljen, uvek poku\u0161avaju da sakriju svoj dogovor, naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e izbegavaju\u0107i i da ostave bilo kakav pisani trag postojanja kartela. Zbog ovoga pravo konkurencije \u010desto predvi\u0111a pokajni\u010dki program.<\/p>\n

\u0160ta je pokajni\u010dki program?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Su\u0161tinski, pokajni\u010dki program je zakonski podsticaj \u010dlanu kartela da prijavi i obezbedi dokaze o kartelu kao i da sara\u0111uje sa nadle\u017enim organima u procesuiranju ostalih \u010dlanova kartela. To zna\u010di da \u0107e \u010dlan kartela koji u\u010destvuje u pokajni\u010dkom program izbe\u0107i zna\u010dajne kazne, ili \u0107e one za njega biti u velikoj meri smanjene. Sa druge strane, pokajni\u010dki program je efikasno sredstvo telima za za\u0161titu konkurencije u utvr\u0111ivanju postojanja tajnih kartela, po\u0161to je to \u010desto jedini na\u010din njihovog otkrivanja.<\/p>\n

Moraju biti ispunjena tri preduslova kako bi se uspe\u0161no implementirao pokajni\u010dki program:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Zakoni moraju da propisivati pretnju ozbiljnom sankcijom<\/strong> za one koji u\u010destvuju u tzv. te\u0161kim (hardcore<\/em>) kartelskim aktivnostima,<\/li>\n
  2. \u010clanovi kartela moraju da budu svesni visokog rizika otkrivanja<\/strong> od strane nadle\u017enih konkurencijskih organa i<\/li>\n
  3. Mora da postoji, u najve\u0107oj mogu\u0107oj meri, transparentnost<\/strong> i predvidljivost<\/strong> u odnosu na sprovo\u0111enje anti-kartelske politike tako da u\u010desnici na tr\u017ei\u0161tu mogu da predvide, sa visokim nivoom sigurnosti, \u0161ta \u0107e biti posledice ukoliko budu uhva\u0107eni i \u0161ta mogu da o\u010dekuju ako se prijave za pokajni\u010dki program.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Pokajni\u010dki program u EU<\/strong><\/h2>\n

    Regulativa Komisije 773\/2004<\/a> izla\u017ee okvir pokajni\u010dkog programa u EU. Ova regulativa je doneta u skladu sa \u010dlanovima 81 i 82 Ugovora o Evropskoj Zajednici (odnosno, \u010dlanovima 101 i 102 Ugovora o funkcionisanju Evropske unije<\/a>), koji reguli\u0161u restriktivne sporazume i zloupotrebe dominantnog polo\u017eaja.<\/p>\n

    Dodatno, Obave\u0161tenje Komisije o imunitetu od nov\u010danih kazni i smanjenja tih kazni u slu\u010dajevima kartela<\/a>, pru\u017ea detaljniji uvid u celokupno pitanje. Naime, u\u010desnik na tr\u017ei\u0161tu koji je voljan da otkrije svoje u\u010de\u0161\u0107e u kartelu, koji uti\u010de na tr\u017ei\u0161te EU, mora biti prvi koji podnosi informacije i dokaze Evropskoj komisiji (\u201eKomisija<\/strong>\u201c). Tako\u0111e, podnesene informacije i dokazi moraju, iz ta\u010dke gledi\u0161ta Komisije, da joj omogu\u0107e sprovo\u0111enje \u017eeljene istrage<\/strong> i pronalazak kr\u0161enja anti-kartelskih propisa. Va\u017eno je primetiti da \u0107e imunitet od nov\u010danih kazni biti dat u\u010desniku u pokajni\u010dkom programu samo ako Komisija nije pre toga imala dovoljno dokaza da otkrije kr\u0161enje \u010dlanova 101 Ugovora o funkcionisanju Evropske unije.<\/p>\n

    Pokajni\u010dki program predvi\u0111a jo\u0161 jednu korist za u\u010desnike u programu. Naime, ako u\u010desnik ne ispuni uslove za potpuni imunitet od pla\u0107anja kazne, on ipak mo\u017ee ispunjavati uslove da se prijavi za smanjenje kazne<\/strong>. Za ovo, u\u010desnik u programu mora da dostavi Komisiji dokaze o navodnom kr\u0161enju propisa, koji predstavljaju zna\u010dajnu dodatnu vrednost<\/strong> u odnosu na dokaze koje Komisija ve\u0107 ima.<\/p>\n

    Pokajni\u010dki program u Srbiji<\/strong><\/h2>\n

    Srbija, kao zemlja kandidat, se u velikoj meri ugleda na EU u regulaciji konkurencije<\/a>. Pokajni\u010dki program u Srbiji je u velikoj meri analogan onom Evropske Unije. Zakon o za\u0161titi konkurencije<\/a> dozvoljava osloba\u0111anje od pla\u0107anja, ili smanjeni nov\u010dani iznos mere za za\u0161titu konkurencije za \u201ekrticu\u201d u kartelu.<\/p>\n

    Osloba\u0111anje pla\u0107anja nov\u010dane mere <\/strong>je regulisan podrobno Uredbom o uslovima za osloba\u0111anje obaveze pla\u0107anja nov\u010danog iznosa mere za\u0161tite konkurencije<\/a>. Srpsko re\u0161enje je donekle razli\u010dito od evropskog po tome \u0161to ne dozvoljava u\u010desniku na tr\u017ei\u0161tu, koji \u017eeli da bude deo pokajni\u010dkog programa, da natera ili ohrabruje druge u\u010desnike da zaklju\u010de ili primene restriktivni sporazum, ili da bude inicijator ili organizator restriktivnog sporazuma.<\/p>\n

    Smanjeni nov\u010dani iznos<\/strong> se mo\u017ee dati ako u\u010desnik dostavi dokaze Komisiji za\u00a0 za\u0161titu konkurencije tokom postupka, a ti dokazi nisu bili dostupni u to vreme. Dokazi moraju da omogu\u0107e zavr\u0161etak postupka i dono\u0161enje odluke o naru\u0161avanju konkurencije. Standard \u201czna\u010dajne dodatne vrednosti\u201d dokaza nije relevantan.<\/p>\n

    Program u praksi<\/strong><\/h2>\n

    U EU, pokajni\u010dki program je postigao zna\u010dajan uspeh. Izve\u0161taj o konkurencijskoj politici iz 2017<\/a> navodi da je ve\u0107ina kartela otkriveno putem pokajni\u010dkog programa, a ogroman broj zna\u010dajnih slu\u010dajeva ovo potvr\u0111uje.<\/p>\n

    \u0160to se ti\u010de primene pokajni\u010dkog programa u Srbiji, situacija je potpuno druga\u010dija. Od 2009, kada je pokajni\u010dki program uveden u srpsko zakonodavstvo, pa sve do danas, postoji samo jedan slu\u010daj primene<\/a>. Za\u0161to pokajni\u010dki program nije \u201cpustio korenje\u201d? Postoji vi\u0161e mogu\u0107ih razloga:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Mogu\u0107e je da ne samo pokajni\u010dki program kao institut, nego i pravo konkurencije, jo\u0161 uvek nisu dovoljno poznati u\u010desnicima na srpskom tr\u017ei\u0161tu<\/li>\n
    2. Verovatno je da postoji i odre\u0111ena stigma vezana za \u201eizdaju\u201d ostalih \u010dlanova kartela; posebno jer je srpsko tr\u017ei\u0161te relativno malo i u\u010desnici u pokajni\u010dkom program mogu da se suo\u010de sa nepoverenjem u budu\u0107im poslovnim poduhvatima.<\/li>\n
    3. Na kraju ali ne i najmanje va\u017eno, iako pokajni\u010dki program mo\u017ee osloboditi obaveze pla\u0107anja nov\u010dane mere, ili je bar smanjiti, on ne spre\u010dava eventualni krivi\u010dni postupak zbog zaklju\u010denja restriktivnog sporazuma, niti parnicu za naknadu \u0161tete pred osnovnim sudovima. Ovo predstavlja zna\u010dajan problem za u\u010desnike na tr\u017ei\u0161tu koji bi, ina\u010de, mo\u017eda i prijavili postojanje kartela.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Sre\u0107om, svi ovi problemi se mogu re\u0161iti odre\u0111enim izmenama u zakonodavstvu, konkurencijskoj politici i javnom mnjenju. Nadamo se da \u0107e pokajni\u010dki program u Srbiji uskoro posti\u0107i veliki uspeh!<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Autori: Nikola Vjetrovi\u0107 i Vuk Lekovi\u0107 <\/em><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Karteli koje stvaraju konkurentski u\u010desnici na tr\u017ei\u0161tu su stvoreni da ograni\u010de ili elimini\u0161u konkurenciju izme\u0111u njih, kako bi do\u0161lo do pove\u0107anja cena i profita svih \u010dlanova kartela. U su\u0161tini, u\u010desnici na tr\u017ei\u0161tu stvaraju kartele i ubiraju profit uglavnom tako \u0161to fiksiraju cene, dele tr\u017ei\u0161ta i korisnike, ograni\u010davaju proizvodnju, name\u0161teno podnose ponude u postupcima javnih nabavki, ili sve ovo zajedno. Karteli imaju negativna dejstva na potro\u0161a\u010de i dru\u0161tvo u celini, zato \u0161to u\u010desnici u kartelu napla\u0107uju vi\u0161e cene (i ostvaruju ve\u0107e profite) nego \u0161to bi to bio slu\u010daj na konkurentskom tr\u017ei\u0161tu. Zbog nu\u017enih negativnih efekata na tr\u017ei\u0161te, pravo konkurencije nastoji da […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":18616,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[593,607,1534,1536,603],"tags":[469,639],"class_list":["post-18614","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-593","category-evropska-komisija","category-evropsko-pravo","category-pravo-eu-trgovina-prosirenje","category-zastita-konkurencije-drzavna-pomoc","tag-gecic-law-firm-serbia-sr","tag-cartels-sr"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nKrtica u kartelu \u2013 pokajni\u010dki program | Geci\u0107 Law<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Pokajni\u010dki program je zakonski podsticaj \u010dlanu kartela da prijavi i obezbedi dokaze o kartelu kao i da sara\u0111uje sa nadle\u017enim organima u...\" \/>\n<meta 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